Citation Style Quick Comparator
Select the appropriate referencing standard required by your journal or university committee.
APA 7th Edition
Social Sciences, Psychology, Education, Business
(Author, Year, p. XX)
Example: (Alvarez & Sterling, 2024, p. 112)
Sentence case for article titles; title case for journal names; italicize journal name and volume number.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx
IEEE Style
Engineering, Computer Science, Robotics, Applied Physics
[#]
Example: as established in [1] and expanded in [3]–[5]
References numbered strictly in the order they appear in the manuscript, bracketed in brackets.
[1] J. K. Author, "Name of paper," Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Month, Year.
Harvard Referencing
Humanities, Economics, Management (UK & Commonwealth)
(Author Year: Page)
Example: (O’Connor 2023: 45)
No comma between author and year in parenthetical citations; single quotation marks around article titles.
Author, A.A. (Year) ‘Article title’, Journal Title, Volume(Issue), pp. page-page.
Chicago 17th Edition (Author-Date)
Physical & Natural Sciences, Social Sciences
(Author Year, Page)
Example: (Patel 2024, 88)
Headline-style capitalization for journal and article titles; no "p." or "pp." before page numbers.
Author, Firstname. Year. "Article Title." Journal Name Volume (Issue): Page–Page. https://doi.org/xxxx.
MLA 9th Edition
Literature, Cultural Studies, Arts, Linguistics
(Author Page)
Example: (Williams 142)
No comma or year in parenthetical citation; uses container concept for digital and print sources.
Author, Firstname. "Title of Source." Title of Container, vol. 12, no. 3, 2023, pp. 45-60.
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